Guide to CD Rom Drives

The CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) is a technology
taken directly from the audio world that has become standard equipment for
computers. This guide covers the basics of installing and using CD-ROM
drives.

Advantages of CD-ROM Drives

If a hard disk drive holds more information than a floppy
disk drive, accesses the information faster, and reads and writes
information, then why do we need CD-ROM drives? The answer is simple: a compact
disc can hold large amounts (650 MB) of removable data and can be mass-produced
at a very low cost.

The CD has become the medium of choice for software
distribution by manufacturers. DVD (digital video disc) technology is beginning
to replace traditional CD-ROM technology on many new PCs, but DVD drives can
read CD-ROM. It is expected that CD-ROM will be a standard distribution
method for the foreseeable future.

An entire software package can be stored on one CD. For
example, the early versions of the Microsoft Office Suite were supplied on 32
floppy disks. Today, the entire program suite and its manuals are stored on a
single CD. It is also much faster to install a CD. The user simply starts it up,
enters any required information, and comes back later; it's no longer necessary
to feed disk after disk into the computer. When they were introduced, CDs held
large databases such as encyclopedias. Today, they are used for every possible
type of data, from national phone directories and software libraries to
collections of clip art, music, and games. The following table lists the
advantages of storing data on a CD.

Advantage	Description
Large storage capacity	Up to 650 MB of data fit on a single 5-inch disc. (Smaller than the original 5.25-inch floppy disk, a CD holds almost 2000 times as much information.)
Portability	The CD is a portable medium.
Data cannot be changed	A CD is read-only, which prevents accidental erasure of programs or files.
Sturdiness	More durable than the standard 5.25-inch or 3.5-inch disks, CDs are not magnetic media and thus are not subject to the same dangers posed by proximity to electrical sources or magnets.
Special capabilities	CD-ROMs are audio-capable, allowing special compression of audio, image, and video data. They can be used to play standard audio CDs and have the capacity to store and record video data.

Development of the CD

The development of the computer CD roughly paralleled the
audio (music) CD:

• In 1979, the CD, as a storage medium, was introduced in the
  audio industry.
  
• In 1985, the CD came to the computer industry. Development
  was slow because the hardware was too expensive for most manufacturers and
  users.
  
• In 1991, the CD-ROM/XA standard was enhanced, and multimedia
  requirements for hardware were specified.
  
• In 1993, high-quality video playback came to the
  computer.
  
• Today, the price of CD-ROM drives continues to drop, while
  their speed climbs. Approximately 85 percent of all computers include an
  internal CD-ROM drive as standard equipment. Most software packages are shipped
  in CD-ROM versions (3.5-inch disk versions are available but usually only by
  special order, and often they do not contain all the extras of the CD
  version).

About CD-ROM Standards

The CD-ROM world makes use of several standards. These are
usually referred to by the color of the cover of the volume issued by the ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) committee—for example, the
White Book, Yellow Book, and so on. ISO formats are discussed in more detail
later in this guide.

CD-ROM Technology

CD-ROMs store data as a series of 1s and 0s, just like a
floppy disk or a hard disk drive. However, instead of using magnetic energy to
read and write data, CD readers and writers use laser energy. There are two
major advantages to using lasers:

• There is no physical contact between the surface of the CD
  and the reading device.
  
• The diameter of the laser beam is so small that storage
  tracks can be written very close together, allowing more data to be stored in a
  smaller space.

Hard Disk Drives vs. CD-ROMs

With the cost of hard disk drives falling and the amount of
available data storage rising, the hard drive is still king of the storage
media. Optical data-storage devices hold their place as removable media and as
the media of choice for archival data storage.

A CD platter is composed of a reflective layer of aluminum
applied to a synthetic base that is composed of polymers. A layer of transparent
polycarbonate covers the aluminum. A protective coating of lacquer is applied to
the surface to protect it from dust, dirt, and scratches.

CD-recordable (CD-R) discs use materials
other than aluminum. They often have a yellow or green cast on the data side.
Not all CD-ROM readers are able to read these discs—some older readers based on
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) are incompatible with CD-R
technology.

Data is written by creating pits and lands on the CD's
surface. A pit is a depression on the surface, and a land is the height of the
original surface. The transition from a land to a pit, or a pit to a land,
represents a binary character of 1. Lands and pits represent binary 0. The
reading of data is based on timing—the speed at which the CD is rotating—and the
reflection of light. If no data is on the disk, the reflectivity will not change
and the CD will read a series of binary 0s. There are approximately 4 to 5
million pits per CD. They are arranged in a single outward-running spiral
(track) approximately 3.75 miles (6 kilometers) long. The distance between each
element is 1.6 thousandths of a millimeter.

Connecting a CD-ROM Drive

A CD-ROM drive is a peripheral device and must be connected
to the bus of the computer through a controller. There are several ways to
install a CD-ROM drive.

Adapter Boards

Some CD-ROM manufacturers provide a proprietary adapter board
made specifically for their product. These boards are supplied with the drive
and are not usually interchangeable. The early CD-ROM drives used either SCSI or
a special version of a parallel port. Most modern CD-ROM devices are either
IDE or SCSI.

Sound Cards with CD-ROM Interface

Many add-on sound cards have built-in CD-ROM controllers.
Most sound cards come with a 15-pin female connector known as the MIDI (Musical
Instrument Digital Interface) connector. Some of the newer cards come with a
SCSI interface. Sound cards with the built-in controller interface were very
useful for earlier computers that did not have a controller available on the
motherboard. Because today's motherboards have the ability to connect four IDE
devices, a sound card with a controller is generally not
required.

If you purchase a sound card with a
controller and you already have a CD-ROM drive installed, be sure to disable the
controller on the sound card. This will prevent IRQ (interrupt request) and
other potential conflicts.

SCSI Host Adapter

The SCSI interface is the most advanced CD-ROM interface and
often operates at higher data transfer rates than other interfaces. A single
card can handle both internal and external drives, including CD-ROM and
other optical devices. A SCSI CD-ROM drive can be installed in any
SCSI chain. You can purchase SCSI adapters that connect directly to a parallel
port on the computer.

IDE / ATA

New computers have primary and secondary IDE connectors as
part of the motherboard and BIOS setup. It is now commonplace to install CD-ROM
drives on the secondary controller.

Audio Capability

Any CD-ROM drive that meets the Yellow Book standards
(created by the audio industry for sound and adopted by the computer industry)
has the ability to play back audio. Most CD-ROM drives contain the circuitry and
chips to convert digital audio data into sound data. Most drives and sound cards
also have a headphone jack, as well as audio jacks to connect to a stereo
system. The only requirement is that the drive support the ISO 9660 standard for
the file system. ISO 9660 is also known as the High Sierra Format. The ISO 9660
format is a standard for writing data to a CD-ROM for use in a cross-platform
environment. This standard is compatible with MS-DOS, Windows, UNIX, Macintosh,
and other operating systems.

Access Time

When purchasing or recommending a CD-ROM drive, you need to
consider two values. The first is data transfer rate. The long-time standard for
transfer rate has been 150 KB per second, and this is the basis for measuring
CD-ROM drives today. A 2X CD-ROM drive operates at 300 KB per second, a 4X at
600 KB per second, and so on. A typical CD-ROM drive today will operate at 24X
or 32X (4.8 MB per second) or faster. A hard disk drive typically operates
between 800 KB and 1.8 MB per second.

The second value to look at is the drive's mean access time.
This is the time it takes the head to move over half the tracks. Typical access
time is 200 to 400 milliseconds (ms). Today's CD-ROM drives can have faster data
transfer speeds than many hard drives, but their mean access time is 20 or so
times slower. This means that while a CD-ROM drive will outperform the hard disk
drive for copying or loading a large chunk of contiguous data, it will be beaten
by the hard drive on random access tasks.

Although the transfer rate increases in multiples, the mean
access time does not. The following table lists transfer rates and access speeds
for some common CD-ROM drives.

CD-ROM Speed	Transfer Rate	Access Speed
4X	600 KB per second	220 ms
6X	900 KB per second	145 ms
8X	1200 KB per second	100 ms
12X	1800 KB per second	125 ms
16X	2.4 MB per second	100 ms
24X	3.6 MB per second	95 ms

Installing a CD-ROM Drive

Installing a CD-ROM drive is a four-step
process.

1. Install the drive controller card, if needed. Follow the
   instructions with the card.
   
2. Install the CD-ROM drive in the computer case.
   
3. Attach the data and power cables.
   
4. Install the necessary drivers and set up the CD-ROM
   drive.

Controller Cards

The most difficult part of installing a CD-ROM drive is
determining which controller card is best for the system. The controller card
should be selected before buying the CD-ROM drive because it must be compatible
with both the CD-ROM drive and the motherboard's expansion slot. There are
several ways to ensure this:

• Use the secondary IDE controller on the
  motherboard.
  
• Install a new controller card (this might be supplied with
  the CD-ROM drive).
  
• Install the CD-ROM drive in an existing SCSI
  chain.
  
• Install a new SCSI host adapter and create a new SCSI
  chain.
  
• Use an existing sound card with a CD-ROM
  connection.

A quick review of how the computer is currently equipped will
guide you in the selection of the proper card. In most cases, there will be a
SCSI or IDE interface available. Whatever card arrangement you choose, be sure
to disable any other possibly conflicting cards. Confirming the extent of the
computer's resources before purchasing a new CD-ROM drive could save you the
time and frustration of having to return or exchange it.

Installing the Drive Internally

A CD-ROM drive can be mounted easily in any computer that has
an open bay for a 5.25-inch disk drive. Physical installation is as simple as
installing a floppy disk drive. Most new CD-ROM drives come with a hardware kit,
which includes a combination of screws and brackets.

Make sure you have all the tools and parts before beginning.
These include:

• The CD-ROM drive.
  
• The correct cables.
  
• The appropriate hardware (including special mounting rails
  for the PC's case).
  
• A flat-head screwdriver.
  
• A Phillips screwdriver.
  
• Needle-nose pliers or tweezers (for jumper
  settings).

Connecting the cables for a CD-ROM drive is as simple as
installing a floppy disk drive. There are two cables—a flat ribbon cable (for
data) and a power cable. Be sure to connect the flat ribbon cable to the correct
location on both the controller and the CD-ROM drive (the red wire going to pin
1). If there are no available power cables, use a Y power splitter cable (this
will split a single Molex connector into two connectors. There might also
be an audio out cable (two to four wires) that connects to a sound card. This
connection will allow you to take full advantage of the audio capabilities of
the CD-ROM drive.

If you are adding an IDE-style CD-ROM drive, be sure to set
the master/slave jumper as required. For SCSI drives, you must set the proper
SCSI ID using either a jumper or switch and make sure the chain is properly
terminated.

Software Setup

The file structure for a CD-ROM drive is different from the
directory used by the MS-DOS FAT (file allocation table). Therefore, a special
driver is necessary for MS-DOS to be able to recognize this device as a drive. A
standard device driver supplied by the manufacturer (for BIOS) might also be
required.

Legacy Devices

Microsoft's MSCDEX.EXE, an MS-DOS resident application,
provides the required translation and also specifies the device driver required
by the device. The following changes in CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT will do the
job.

• Changes to CONFIG.SYS
  

  To load the device driver, type the following line and
  include the directory and driver for the CD to be installed. (The exact name and
  location of the your driver file might be different from what is shown in this
  example.)

device=C:\CDROM\MTMCDAI.SYS
/D:MSCD001

To ensure drive number assignment space, type the following
line. (Note that the last drive letter assignment and, therefore, the number of
drives, can be limited by assigning a lower value letter).




lastdrive=Z





• Add the following line to AUTOEXEC.BAT:
  

  c:\dos\mscdex.exe /d:mscd001 /l:e
  /m:10
  

This instruction provides the location of the driver and any
switches required to set up the driver. You might have to consult the
documentation for the CD-ROM drive to determine which, if any, switches are
required.

Many CD-ROM drive installation disks will make these changes
automatically.

Windows 95 and 98

Windows 95 and 98 use a 32-bit protected-mode driver called
VCDFSD.VXD. This driver replaced MSCDEX.EXE, the MS-DOS real-mode driver. When
adding a new CD-ROM drive after Windows 95 has been installed, be sure to use
the Add New Hardware wizard. This wizard will properly identify and set up the
CD-ROM drive. With the Windows 95 and 98 Plug and Play feature, installing
a new CD-ROM drive is simple—the operating system will recognize the drive
and run the install wizard automatically.

If you intend to use a CD-ROM drive in
the MS-DOS mode (from a bootable disk), the real-mode drivers will have to be
installed and added to the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files of the boot
disk.

You can use a Windows 98 startup disk to
obtain the files required to recognize a CD-ROM drive. Be sure that the PC has
the proper software licenses to use those files.

Multimedia

The term multimedia embraces a number of computer
technologies, but refers primarily to video, sound, and the storage required by
these large files. Basically, multimedia is a combination of graphics, data, and
sound on a computer. In all practicality, the concept of adding multimedia
simply means adding and configuring a sound card, a video card, and a CD-ROM
drive to a system.

Microsoft formed an organization called the Multimedia PC
Marketing Council in 1991 to generate standards for multimedia computers. The
council created several multimedia PC (MPC) standards, and it licenses its logo
and trademark to manufacturers whose hardware and software conform to these
guidelines.

The Multimedia PC Marketing Council formally transferred
responsibility for its standards to the Multimedia PC Working Group of the
Software Publishers Association (SPA). This group includes many of the same
members as the original MPC Marketing Council. The group's first creation was a
new MPC standard.

The MPC Marketing Council originally developed two primary
standards for multimedia: MPC Level 1 and MPC Level 2. Under the direction of
the SPA, the first two standards have been replaced by a third, called MPC Level
3 (MPC 3), which SPA introduced in June 1995. (There are currently no plans for
the publication of any additional MPC standards.) These standards define the
minimum capabilities for a multimedia computer. The following table presents
these standards.

	MPC Level 1	MPC Level 2	MPC Level 3
Processor	16 MHz 386SX	25 MHz 486SX	75+ MHz
RAM	2 MB	4 MB	8 MB
Hard disk	30 MB	160 MB	540 MB
Floppy disk	1.44 MB 3.5-inch	1.44 MB 3.5-inch	1.44 MB 3.5-inch
CD-ROM	Single-speed	Double-speed	Quad-speed
Audio	8-bit	16-bit	16-bit
VGA video resolution	640 x 480; 16 colors	640 x 480; 64,000 colors	640 x 480; 64,000 colors
Other I/O	Serial; parallel; MIDI; game	Serial; parallel; MIDI; game	Serial; parallel; MIDI; game
Software	Microsoft Windows 3.1	Microsoft Windows 3.1	Microsoft Windows 3.1
Date introduced	May 1993	1994	June 1995

You should consider the MPC 3 specification as the bare
minimum for any multimedia system today. Specifically, a recommended system
exceeds the Level 3 standards in several areas such as RAM, hard disk size, and
video capability. Note that although speakers are not technically part of the
MPC specification, sound reproduction does require external speakers! The
built-in speaker used for POST beep codes is not sufficient for this quality of
sound.

Video-Capture Software

With the advent of multimedia computers and software,
manipulating full-motion video was the next logical step. A modern high-speed
multimedia computer has become standard equipment in the moviemaking
industry. Today, even amateur filmmakers can use their computers to give home
movies a touch of professionalism.

Video-capture software provides an interface that allows
users to import and export video formats in order to edit them with their
computers. This software allows a user to view audio waveforms and video images,
create files, capture single frame or full-motion video, and edit video clips
and still frames for content and effects.

File-editing functions such as zoom, undo, cut, paste, crop,
and clear can be used to edit audio and visual files. Users can also set the
compression controls to the type of format desired and determine the capture
rates. The capture rate for full-motion video (equivalent to what you would find
in TV or on the big screen) is 30 frames per second (fps), but some systems
might not be able to reach this potential. Professional systems include very
large, very fast hard disk drives for data buffering. A typical user of
video-capture software might realize a frame-capture rate of only up to 15 fps
without adding an arsenal of hardware to enhance the system.

Most new PCs will far exceed the basic
multimedia requirements listed above.

Summary

The following points summarize the main elements of this
guide:

• A CD-ROM drive is now a standard component of a computer
  system.
  
• CD-ROM data transfer rates are based on a factor of 150 KB
  per second.
  
• Installing a CD-ROM drive is as easy as installing a floppy
  disk drive.
  
• The proper drivers must be loaded before a CD-ROM drive can
  be accessed by the processor.
  
• To run a CD-ROM drive from MS-DOS, the real-mode drivers
  must be loaded.
  
• A CD-ROM drive is an essential part of the multimedia
  standard.